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source/compiler/qsc_eval/src/lib.rs

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1// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
2// Licensed under the MIT License.
3
4//! The Q# evaluator handles the execution of Q# programs and/or fragments.
5//! It operates based on vectors of `ExecGraphNode` instances, which act as a control flow graph
6//! and are generated by lowering to FIR. The evaluator will iterate through the given graph,
7//! executing the instructions it encounters and updating the state it was given accordingly, and using
8//! the FIR store to look up graphs for any called functions or operations. The evaluator handles tracking
9//! of stack frames and push/pop of variable scopes, and uses the index into the current execution graph
10//! as a kind of stack pointer, updating the index based on `Jump`, `JumpIf`, and `JumpIfNot` instructions.
11//!
12//! Of note, the evaluator does not own the program state, which is tracked by the passed in `Env`
13//! and `Backend` instances. This allows the evaluator to be reentrant, and supports both whole-program,
14//! effectively stateless execution (like running shots of a program) stateful execution scenarios
15//! (like debugging or notebooks).
16
17#[cfg(test)]
18mod tests;
19
20pub mod backend;
21pub mod debug;
22mod error;
23pub mod intrinsic;
24pub mod noise;
25pub mod output;
26pub mod state;
27pub mod val;
28
29use crate::backend::{Backend, TracingBackend};
30use crate::val::{
31 Value, index_array, make_range, slice_array, update_index_range, update_index_single,
32};
33use core::panic;
34use debug::{CallStack, Frame};
35pub use error::PackageSpan;
36use miette::Diagnostic;
37use num_bigint::BigInt;
38use output::Receiver;
39use qsc_data_structures::{functors::FunctorApp, index_map::IndexMap, span::Span};
40use qsc_fir::fir::{
41 self, BinOp, BlockId, CallableImpl, ConfiguredExecGraph, ExecGraph, ExecGraphConfig,
42 ExecGraphDebugNode, ExecGraphNode, Expr, ExprId, ExprKind, Field, FieldAssign, Global, Lit,
43 LocalItemId, LocalVarId, PackageId, PackageStoreLookup, PatId, PatKind, PrimField, Res, StmtId,
44 StoreItemId, StringComponent, UnOp,
45};
46use qsc_fir::ty::Ty;
47use qsc_lowerer::map_fir_package_to_hir;
48use rand::{SeedableRng, rngs::StdRng};
49use rustc_hash::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
50use std::array;
51use std::{
52 cell::RefCell,
53 fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
54 iter,
55 ops::Neg,
56 rc::Rc,
57};
58use thiserror::Error;
59use val::{Qubit, update_functor_app};
60
61#[derive(Clone, Debug, Diagnostic, Error)]
62pub enum Error {
63 #[error("array too large")]
64 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.ArrayTooLarge"))]
65 ArrayTooLarge(#[label("this array has too many items")] PackageSpan),
66
67 #[error("callable already counted")]
68 #[diagnostic(help(
69 "counting for a given callable must be stopped before it can be started again"
70 ))]
71 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.CallableAlreadyCounted"))]
72 CallableAlreadyCounted(#[label] PackageSpan),
73
74 #[error("callable not counted")]
75 #[diagnostic(help("counting for a given callable must be started before it can be stopped"))]
76 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.CallableNotCounted"))]
77 CallableNotCounted(#[label] PackageSpan),
78
79 #[error("invalid array length: {0}")]
80 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.InvalidArrayLength"))]
81 InvalidArrayLength(i64, #[label("cannot be used as a length")] PackageSpan),
82
83 #[error("division by zero")]
84 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.DivZero"))]
85 DivZero(#[label("cannot divide by zero")] PackageSpan),
86
87 #[error("empty range")]
88 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.EmptyRange"))]
89 EmptyRange(#[label("the range cannot be empty")] PackageSpan),
90
91 #[error("value cannot be used as an index: {0}")]
92 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.InvalidIndex"))]
93 InvalidIndex(i64, #[label("invalid index")] PackageSpan),
94
95 #[error("integer too large for operation")]
96 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.IntTooLarge"))]
97 IntTooLarge(i64, #[label("this value is too large")] PackageSpan),
98
99 #[error("index out of range: {0}")]
100 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.IndexOutOfRange"))]
101 IndexOutOfRange(i64, #[label("out of range")] PackageSpan),
102
103 #[error("intrinsic callable `{0}` failed: {1}")]
104 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.IntrinsicFail"))]
105 IntrinsicFail(String, String, #[label] PackageSpan),
106
107 #[error("invalid rotation angle: {0}")]
108 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.InvalidRotationAngle"))]
109 InvalidRotationAngle(f64, #[label("invalid rotation angle")] PackageSpan),
110
111 #[error("negative integers cannot be used here: {0}")]
112 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.InvalidNegativeInt"))]
113 InvalidNegativeInt(i64, #[label("invalid negative integer")] PackageSpan),
114
115 #[error("output failure")]
116 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.OutputFail"))]
117 OutputFail(#[label("failed to generate output")] PackageSpan),
118
119 #[error("qubits in invocation are not unique")]
120 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.QubitUniqueness"))]
121 QubitUniqueness(#[label] PackageSpan),
122
123 #[error("qubit used after release")]
124 #[diagnostic(help(
125 "qubits should not be used after being released, which typically occurs when a qubit is used after it has gone out of scope"
126 ))]
127 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.QubitUsedAfterRelease"))]
128 QubitUsedAfterRelease(#[label] PackageSpan),
129
130 #[error("qubit double release")]
131 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.QubitDoubleRelease"))]
132 QubitDoubleRelease(#[label("qubit has already been released")] PackageSpan),
133
134 #[error("qubits already counted")]
135 #[diagnostic(help("counting for qubits must be stopped before it can be started again"))]
136 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.QubitsAlreadyCounted"))]
137 QubitsAlreadyCounted(#[label] PackageSpan),
138
139 #[error("qubits not counted")]
140 #[diagnostic(help("counting for qubits must be started before it can be stopped"))]
141 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.QubitsNotCounted"))]
142 QubitsNotCounted(#[label] PackageSpan),
143
144 #[error("qubits are not separable")]
145 #[diagnostic(help(
146 "subset of qubits provided as arguments must not be entangled with any qubits outside of the subset"
147 ))]
148 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.QubitsNotSeparable"))]
149 QubitsNotSeparable(#[label] PackageSpan),
150
151 #[error("range with step size of zero")]
152 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.RangeStepZero"))]
153 RangeStepZero(#[label("invalid range")] PackageSpan),
154
155 #[error("qubit arrays used in relabeling must be a permutation of the same set of qubits")]
156 #[diagnostic(help("ensure that each qubit is present exactly once in both arrays"))]
157 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.RelabelingMismatch"))]
158 RelabelingMismatch(#[label] PackageSpan),
159
160 #[error("Qubit{0} released while not in |0⟩ state")]
161 #[diagnostic(help(
162 "qubits should be returned to the |0⟩ state before being released to satisfy the assumption that allocated qubits start in the |0⟩ state"
163 ))]
164 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.ReleasedQubitNotZero"))]
165 ReleasedQubitNotZero(usize, #[label("Qubit{0}")] PackageSpan),
166
167 #[error("cannot compare measurement results")]
168 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.ResultComparisonUnsupported"))]
169 #[diagnostic(help(
170 "comparing measurement results is not supported when performing circuit synthesis or base profile QIR generation"
171 ))]
172 ResultComparisonUnsupported(#[label("cannot compare to result")] PackageSpan),
173
174 #[error("cannot compare measurement result from qubit loss")]
175 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.ResultLossComparisonUnsupported"))]
176 #[diagnostic(help(
177 "use of a measurement result from a qubit that was lost is not supported, use `IsLossResult` to ensure the result is valid before using it in a comparison"
178 ))]
179 ResultLossComparisonUnsupported(#[label("cannot compare result from qubit loss")] PackageSpan),
180
181 #[error("name is not bound")]
182 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.UnboundName"))]
183 UnboundName(#[label] PackageSpan),
184
185 #[error("unknown intrinsic `{0}`")]
186 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.UnknownIntrinsic"))]
187 UnknownIntrinsic(
188 String,
189 #[label("callable has no implementation")] PackageSpan,
190 ),
191
192 #[error("unsupported return type for intrinsic `{0}`")]
193 #[diagnostic(help("intrinsic callable return type should be `Unit`"))]
194 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.UnsupportedIntrinsicType"))]
195 UnsupportedIntrinsicType(String, #[label] PackageSpan),
196
197 #[error("program failed: {0}")]
198 #[diagnostic(code("Qsc.Eval.UserFail"))]
199 UserFail(String, #[label("explicit fail")] PackageSpan),
200}
201
202impl Error {
203 #[must_use]
204 pub fn span(&self) -> &PackageSpan {
205 match self {
206 Error::ArrayTooLarge(span)
207 | Error::CallableAlreadyCounted(span)
208 | Error::CallableNotCounted(span)
209 | Error::DivZero(span)
210 | Error::EmptyRange(span)
211 | Error::IndexOutOfRange(_, span)
212 | Error::InvalidIndex(_, span)
213 | Error::IntrinsicFail(_, _, span)
214 | Error::IntTooLarge(_, span)
215 | Error::InvalidRotationAngle(_, span)
216 | Error::InvalidNegativeInt(_, span)
217 | Error::OutputFail(span)
218 | Error::QubitUniqueness(span)
219 | Error::QubitUsedAfterRelease(span)
220 | Error::QubitDoubleRelease(span)
221 | Error::QubitsAlreadyCounted(span)
222 | Error::QubitsNotCounted(span)
223 | Error::QubitsNotSeparable(span)
224 | Error::RangeStepZero(span)
225 | Error::RelabelingMismatch(span)
226 | Error::ReleasedQubitNotZero(_, span)
227 | Error::ResultComparisonUnsupported(span)
228 | Error::ResultLossComparisonUnsupported(span)
229 | Error::UnboundName(span)
230 | Error::UnknownIntrinsic(_, span)
231 | Error::UnsupportedIntrinsicType(_, span)
232 | Error::UserFail(_, span)
233 | Error::InvalidArrayLength(_, span) => span,
234 }
235 }
236}
237
238/// A specialization that may be implemented for an operation.
239enum Spec {
240 /// The default specialization.
241 Body,
242 /// The adjoint specialization.
243 Adj,
244 /// The controlled specialization.
245 Ctl,
246 /// The controlled adjoint specialization.
247 CtlAdj,
248}
249
250impl Display for Spec {
251 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
252 match self {
253 Spec::Body => f.write_str("body"),
254 Spec::Adj => f.write_str("adjoint"),
255 Spec::Ctl => f.write_str("controlled"),
256 Spec::CtlAdj => f.write_str("controlled adjoint"),
257 }
258 }
259}
260
261/// Evaluates the given code with the given context.
262/// # Errors
263/// Returns the first error encountered during execution.
264/// # Panics
265/// On internal error where no result is returned.
266#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
267pub fn eval<B: Backend>(
268 package: PackageId,
269 seed: Option<u64>,
270 exec_graph: ExecGraph,
271 exec_graph_config: ExecGraphConfig,
272 globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup,
273 env: &mut Env,
274 sim: &mut TracingBackend<'_, B>,
275 receiver: &mut impl Receiver,
276) -> Result<Value, (Error, Vec<Frame>)> {
277 let mut state = State::new(
278 package,
279 exec_graph,
280 exec_graph_config,
281 seed,
282 ErrorBehavior::FailOnError,
283 );
284 let res = state.eval(globals, env, sim, receiver, &[], StepAction::Continue)?;
285 let StepResult::Return(value) = res else {
286 panic!("eval should always return a value");
287 };
288 Ok(value)
289}
290
291/// Evaluates the given callable with the given context.
292/// # Errors
293/// Returns the first error encountered during execution.
294/// # Panics
295/// On internal error where no result is returned.
296#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
297pub fn invoke<B: Backend>(
298 package: PackageId,
299 seed: Option<u64>,
300 globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup,
301 exec_graph_config: ExecGraphConfig,
302 env: &mut Env,
303 sim: &mut TracingBackend<'_, B>,
304 receiver: &mut impl Receiver,
305 callable: Value,
306 args: Value,
307) -> Result<Value, (Error, Vec<Frame>)> {
308 let mut state = State::new(
309 package,
310 ExecGraph::default(),
311 exec_graph_config,
312 seed,
313 ErrorBehavior::FailOnError,
314 );
315 // Push the callable value into the state stack and then the args value so they are ready for evaluation.
316 state.set_val_register(callable);
317 state.push_val();
318 state.set_val_register(args);
319
320 // Evaluate the call, which will pop the args and callable values from the stack and then either
321 // a) prepare the call stack for the execution of the callable, or
322 // b) invoke the callable directly if it is an intrinsic.
323 state
324 .eval_call(
325 env,
326 sim,
327 globals,
328 Span::default(),
329 Span::default(),
330 receiver,
331 )
332 .map_err(|e| (e, state.capture_stack()))?;
333
334 // Trigger evaluation of the state until the end of the stack is reached and a return value is obtained, which will be the final
335 // result of the invocation.
336 let res = state.eval(globals, env, sim, receiver, &[], StepAction::Continue)?;
337 let StepResult::Return(value) = res else {
338 panic!("eval should always return a value");
339 };
340 Ok(value)
341}
342
343/// The type of step action to take during evaluation
344#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
345pub enum StepAction {
346 Next,
347 In,
348 Out,
349 Continue,
350}
351
352// The result of an evaluation step.
353#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
354pub enum StepResult {
355 BreakpointHit(StmtId),
356 Next,
357 StepIn,
358 StepOut,
359 Return(Value),
360 Fail(String),
361}
362
363trait AsIndex {
364 type Output;
365
366 fn as_index(&self, index_source: PackageSpan) -> Self::Output;
367}
368
369impl AsIndex for i64 {
370 type Output = Result<usize, Error>;
371
372 fn as_index(&self, index_source: PackageSpan) -> Self::Output {
373 match (*self).try_into() {
374 Ok(index) => Ok(index),
375 Err(_) => Err(Error::InvalidIndex(*self, index_source)),
376 }
377 }
378}
379
380#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
381pub struct Variable {
382 pub name: Rc<str>,
383 pub value: Value,
384 pub span: Span,
385}
386
387#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
388pub struct VariableInfo {
389 pub value: Value,
390 pub name: Rc<str>,
391 pub type_name: String,
392 pub span: Span,
393}
394
395pub struct Range {
396 step: i64,
397 end: i64,
398 curr: i64,
399}
400
401impl Iterator for Range {
402 type Item = i64;
403
404 fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
405 let curr = self.curr;
406 self.curr += self.step;
407 if (self.step > 0 && curr <= self.end) || (self.step < 0 && curr >= self.end) {
408 Some(curr)
409 } else {
410 None
411 }
412 }
413}
414
415impl Range {
416 fn new(start: i64, step: i64, end: i64) -> Self {
417 Range {
418 step,
419 end,
420 curr: start,
421 }
422 }
423}
424
425pub struct Env {
426 scopes: Vec<Scope>,
427 qubits: FxHashSet<Rc<Qubit>>,
428}
429
430impl Default for Env {
431 fn default() -> Self {
432 // Always create a global scope for top-level statements.
433 Self {
434 scopes: vec![Scope::default()],
435 qubits: FxHashSet::default(),
436 }
437 }
438}
439
440impl Env {
441 #[must_use]
442 pub fn get(&self, id: LocalVarId) -> Option<&Variable> {
443 self.scopes
444 .iter()
445 .rev()
446 .find_map(|scope| scope.bindings.get(id))
447 }
448
449 fn get_mut(&mut self, id: LocalVarId) -> Option<&mut Variable> {
450 self.scopes
451 .iter_mut()
452 .rev()
453 .find_map(|scope| scope.bindings.get_mut(id))
454 }
455
456 pub fn push_scope(&mut self, frame_id: usize) {
457 let scope = Scope {
458 frame_id,
459 ..Default::default()
460 };
461 self.scopes.push(scope);
462 }
463
464 pub fn push_loop_scope(&mut self, frame_id: usize) {
465 let scope = Scope {
466 frame_id,
467 is_loop: true,
468 ..Default::default()
469 };
470 self.scopes.push(scope);
471 }
472
473 #[must_use]
474 pub fn last_scope_is_loop(&self) -> bool {
475 self.scopes.last().is_some_and(|scope| scope.is_loop)
476 }
477
478 pub fn leave_scope(&mut self) {
479 // Only pop the scope if there is more than one scope in the stack,
480 // because the global/top-level scope cannot be exited.
481 if self.scopes.len() > 1 {
482 self.scopes
483 .pop()
484 .expect("scope should have more than one entry.");
485 }
486 }
487
488 pub fn leave_current_frame(&mut self) {
489 let current_frame_id = self
490 .scopes
491 .last()
492 .expect("should be at least one scope")
493 .frame_id;
494 if current_frame_id == 0 {
495 // Do not remove the global scope.
496 return;
497 }
498 self.scopes
499 .retain(|scope| scope.frame_id != current_frame_id);
500 }
501
502 pub fn bind_variable_in_top_frame(&mut self, local_var_id: LocalVarId, var: Variable) {
503 let Some(scope) = self.scopes.last_mut() else {
504 panic!("no frames in scope");
505 };
506
507 scope.bindings.insert(local_var_id, var);
508 }
509
510 #[must_use]
511 pub fn get_variables_in_top_frame(&self) -> Vec<VariableInfo> {
512 if let Some(scope) = self.scopes.last() {
513 self.get_variables_in_frame(scope.frame_id)
514 } else {
515 vec![]
516 }
517 }
518
519 #[must_use]
520 pub fn get_variables_in_frame(&self, frame_id: usize) -> Vec<VariableInfo> {
521 let candidate_scopes: Vec<_> = self
522 .scopes
523 .iter()
524 .filter(|scope| scope.frame_id == frame_id)
525 .map(|scope| scope.bindings.iter())
526 .collect();
527
528 let variables_by_scope: Vec<Vec<VariableInfo>> = candidate_scopes
529 .into_iter()
530 .map(|bindings| {
531 bindings
532 .map(|(_, var)| VariableInfo {
533 name: var.name.clone(),
534 type_name: var.value.type_name().to_string(),
535 value: var.value.clone(),
536 span: var.span,
537 })
538 .collect()
539 })
540 .collect();
541 variables_by_scope.into_iter().flatten().collect::<Vec<_>>()
542 }
543
544 #[allow(clippy::len_without_is_empty)]
545 #[must_use]
546 pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
547 self.scopes.len()
548 }
549
550 pub fn update_variable_in_top_frame(&mut self, local_var_id: LocalVarId, value: Value) {
551 let variable = self
552 .get_mut(local_var_id)
553 .expect("local variable is not present");
554 variable.value = value;
555 }
556
557 pub fn track_qubit(&mut self, qubit: Rc<Qubit>) {
558 self.qubits.insert(qubit);
559 }
560
561 pub fn release_qubit(&mut self, qubit: &Rc<Qubit>) {
562 self.qubits.remove(qubit);
563 }
564}
565
566#[derive(Default)]
567struct Scope {
568 bindings: IndexMap<LocalVarId, Variable>,
569 frame_id: usize,
570 is_loop: bool,
571}
572
573type CallableCountKey = (StoreItemId, bool, bool);
574
575#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
576pub enum ErrorBehavior {
577 /// Fail execution if an error is encountered.
578 FailOnError,
579 /// Stop execution on the first error encountered.
580 StopOnError,
581}
582
583pub struct State {
584 exec_graph_stack: Vec<ConfiguredExecGraph>,
585 idx: u32,
586 idx_stack: Vec<u32>,
587 val_register: Option<Value>,
588 val_stack: Vec<Vec<Value>>,
589 source_package: PackageId,
590 package: PackageId,
591 call_stack: CallStack,
592 current_span: Span,
593 rng: RefCell<StdRng>,
594 call_counts: FxHashMap<CallableCountKey, i64>,
595 qubit_counter: Option<QubitCounter>,
596 error_behavior: ErrorBehavior,
597 last_error: Option<(Error, Vec<Frame>)>,
598 exec_graph_config: ExecGraphConfig,
599}
600
601impl State {
602 #[must_use]
603 pub fn new(
604 package: PackageId,
605 exec_graph: ExecGraph,
606 exec_graph_config: ExecGraphConfig,
607 classical_seed: Option<u64>,
608 error_behavior: ErrorBehavior,
609 ) -> Self {
610 let rng = match classical_seed {
611 Some(seed) => RefCell::new(StdRng::seed_from_u64(seed)),
612 None => RefCell::new(StdRng::from_entropy()),
613 };
614 Self {
615 exec_graph_stack: vec![exec_graph.select(exec_graph_config)],
616 idx: 0,
617 idx_stack: Vec::new(),
618 val_register: None,
619 val_stack: vec![Vec::new()],
620 source_package: package,
621 package,
622 call_stack: CallStack::default(),
623 current_span: Span::default(),
624 rng,
625 call_counts: FxHashMap::default(),
626 qubit_counter: None,
627 error_behavior,
628 last_error: None,
629 exec_graph_config,
630 }
631 }
632
633 fn current_frame_id(&self) -> usize {
634 self.call_stack.len()
635 }
636
637 fn push_frame(
638 &mut self,
639 exec_graph: ConfiguredExecGraph,
640 id: StoreItemId,
641 functor: FunctorApp,
642 ) {
643 self.call_stack.push_frame(Frame {
644 span: self.current_span,
645 id,
646 caller: self.package,
647 functor,
648 loop_iterations: Vec::new(),
649 });
650 self.exec_graph_stack.push(exec_graph);
651 self.val_stack.push(Vec::new());
652 self.idx_stack.push(self.idx);
653 self.idx = 0;
654 self.package = id.package;
655 }
656
657 fn leave_frame(&mut self) {
658 if let Some(frame) = self.call_stack.pop_frame() {
659 self.package = frame.caller;
660 }
661 self.val_stack.pop();
662 self.idx = self.idx_stack.pop().unwrap_or_default();
663 self.exec_graph_stack.pop();
664 }
665
666 fn push_scope(&mut self, env: &mut Env) {
667 env.push_scope(self.current_frame_id());
668 }
669
670 fn push_loop_scope(&mut self, env: &mut Env, loop_expr: ExprId) {
671 env.push_loop_scope(self.current_frame_id());
672 self.call_stack.push_loop_iteration(loop_expr);
673 }
674
675 fn take_val_register(&mut self) -> Value {
676 self.val_register.take().expect("value should be present")
677 }
678
679 fn set_val_register(&mut self, val: Value) {
680 self.val_register = Some(val);
681 }
682
683 fn pop_val(&mut self) -> Value {
684 self.val_stack
685 .last_mut()
686 .expect("should have at least one value frame")
687 .pop()
688 .expect("value should be present")
689 }
690
691 fn pop_vals(&mut self, len: usize) -> Vec<Value> {
692 let last = self
693 .val_stack
694 .last_mut()
695 .expect("should have at least one value frame");
696 last.drain(last.len() - len..).collect()
697 }
698
699 fn push_val(&mut self) {
700 let val = self.take_val_register();
701 self.val_stack
702 .last_mut()
703 .expect("should have at least one value frame")
704 .push(val);
705 }
706
707 #[must_use]
708 pub fn capture_stack(&self) -> Vec<Frame> {
709 let mut frames = self.call_stack.to_frames();
710
711 let mut span = self.current_span;
712 for frame in frames.iter_mut().rev() {
713 std::mem::swap(&mut frame.span, &mut span);
714 }
715 frames
716 }
717
718 #[must_use]
719 pub fn capture_stack_if_trace_enabled<B: Backend>(
720 &self,
721 tracing_backend: &TracingBackend<'_, B>,
722 ) -> Vec<Frame> {
723 if tracing_backend.is_stacks_enabled() {
724 self.capture_stack()
725 } else {
726 vec![]
727 }
728 }
729
730 fn set_last_error(&mut self, error: Error, frames: Vec<Frame>) {
731 assert!(
732 self.last_error.replace((error, frames)).is_none(),
733 "last error should not be set twice"
734 );
735 }
736
737 fn get_last_error(&mut self) -> Result<(), (Error, Vec<Frame>)> {
738 // Use `is_none` to check for last error, as it avoids the unconditional
739 // `mem::replace` call that `take` would perform.
740 if self.last_error.is_none() {
741 Ok(())
742 } else {
743 Err(self.last_error.take().expect("last error should be set"))
744 }
745 }
746
747 /// # Errors
748 /// Returns the first error encountered during execution.
749 /// # Panics
750 /// When returning a value in the middle of execution.
751 #[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
752 pub fn eval<B: Backend>(
753 &mut self,
754 globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup,
755 env: &mut Env,
756 sim: &mut TracingBackend<'_, B>,
757 out: &mut impl Receiver,
758 breakpoints: &[StmtId],
759 step: StepAction,
760 ) -> Result<StepResult, (Error, Vec<Frame>)> {
761 let current_frame = self.current_frame_id();
762 while !self.exec_graph_stack.is_empty() {
763 let exec_graph = self
764 .exec_graph_stack
765 .last()
766 .expect("should have at least one stack frame");
767 let res = match exec_graph.get(self.idx as usize) {
768 Some(ExecGraphNode::Bind(pat)) => {
769 self.idx += 1;
770 self.eval_bind(env, globals, *pat);
771 continue;
772 }
773 Some(ExecGraphNode::Expr(expr)) => {
774 self.idx += 1;
775 match self.eval_expr(env, sim, globals, out, *expr) {
776 Ok(()) => continue,
777 Err(e) => {
778 if self.error_behavior == ErrorBehavior::StopOnError {
779 let error_str = e.to_string();
780 self.set_last_error(e, self.capture_stack());
781 // Clear the execution graph stack to indicate that execution has failed.
782 // This will prevent further execution steps.
783 self.exec_graph_stack.clear();
784 return Ok(StepResult::Fail(error_str));
785 }
786 return Err((e, self.capture_stack()));
787 }
788 }
789 }
790 Some(ExecGraphNode::Jump(idx)) => {
791 self.idx = *idx;
792 continue;
793 }
794 Some(ExecGraphNode::JumpIf(idx)) => {
795 let cond = self.val_register == Some(Value::Bool(true));
796 if cond {
797 self.idx = *idx;
798 } else {
799 self.idx += 1;
800 }
801 continue;
802 }
803 Some(ExecGraphNode::JumpIfNot(idx)) => {
804 let cond = self.val_register == Some(Value::Bool(true));
805 if cond {
806 self.idx += 1;
807 } else {
808 self.idx = *idx;
809 }
810 continue;
811 }
812 Some(ExecGraphNode::Store) => {
813 self.push_val();
814 self.idx += 1;
815 continue;
816 }
817 Some(ExecGraphNode::Unit) => {
818 self.idx += 1;
819 self.set_val_register(Value::unit());
820 continue;
821 }
822 Some(ExecGraphNode::Ret) => {
823 self.leave_frame();
824 env.leave_scope();
825 continue;
826 }
827 Some(ExecGraphNode::Debug(dbg_node)) => match dbg_node {
828 ExecGraphDebugNode::PushScope => {
829 self.push_scope(env);
830 self.idx += 1;
831 continue;
832 }
833 ExecGraphDebugNode::PushLoopScope(expr) => {
834 self.push_loop_scope(env, *expr);
835 self.idx += 1;
836 continue;
837 }
838 ExecGraphDebugNode::RetFrame => {
839 self.leave_frame();
840 env.leave_current_frame();
841 continue;
842 }
843 ExecGraphDebugNode::LoopIteration => {
844 // we're in an iteration, increment counter
845 self.call_stack.increment_loop_iteration();
846 self.idx += 1;
847 continue;
848 }
849 ExecGraphDebugNode::PopScope => {
850 if env.last_scope_is_loop() {
851 self.call_stack.pop_loop_iteration();
852 }
853 env.leave_scope();
854 self.idx += 1;
855 continue;
856 }
857 ExecGraphDebugNode::BlockEnd(id) => {
858 self.idx += 1;
859 match self.check_for_block_exit_break(globals, *id, step, current_frame) {
860 Some((result, span)) => {
861 self.current_span = span;
862 return Ok(result);
863 }
864 None => continue,
865 }
866 }
867 ExecGraphDebugNode::Stmt(stmt) => {
868 self.idx += 1;
869 self.current_span = globals.get_stmt((self.package, *stmt).into()).span;
870
871 match self.check_for_break(breakpoints, *stmt, step, current_frame) {
872 Some(value) => value,
873 None => continue,
874 }
875 }
876 },
877 None => {
878 // We have reached the end of the current graph without reaching an explicit return node,
879 // usually indicating the partial execution of a single sub-expression.
880 // This means we should pop the execution graph but not the current environment scope,
881 // so bound variables are still accessible after completion.
882 self.exec_graph_stack.pop();
883 assert!(self.exec_graph_stack.is_empty());
884 continue;
885 }
886 };
887
888 if let StepResult::Return(_) = res {
889 panic!("unexpected return");
890 }
891
892 return Ok(res);
893 }
894
895 // If we made it out of the execution loop, we either reached the end of the graph,
896 // a return expression, or hit a runtime error. Check here for the error case
897 // and return it if it exists.
898 self.get_last_error()?;
899
900 Ok(StepResult::Return(self.get_result()))
901 }
902
903 fn check_for_break(
904 &self,
905 breakpoints: &[StmtId],
906 stmt: StmtId,
907 step: StepAction,
908 current_frame: usize,
909 ) -> Option<StepResult> {
910 Some(
911 if let Some(bp) = breakpoints
912 .iter()
913 .find(|&bp| *bp == stmt && self.package == self.source_package)
914 {
915 StepResult::BreakpointHit(*bp)
916 } else {
917 if self.current_span == Span::default() {
918 // if there is no span, we are in generated code, so we should skip
919 return None;
920 }
921 // no breakpoint, but we may stop here
922 if step == StepAction::In {
923 StepResult::StepIn
924 } else if step == StepAction::Next && current_frame >= self.current_frame_id() {
925 StepResult::Next
926 } else if step == StepAction::Out && current_frame > self.current_frame_id() {
927 StepResult::StepOut
928 } else {
929 return None;
930 }
931 },
932 )
933 }
934
935 fn check_for_block_exit_break(
936 &self,
937 globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup,
938 block: BlockId,
939 step: StepAction,
940 current_frame: usize,
941 ) -> Option<(StepResult, Span)> {
942 if step == StepAction::Next && current_frame >= self.current_frame_id() {
943 let block = globals.get_block((self.package, block).into());
944 let span = Span {
945 lo: block.span.hi - 1,
946 hi: block.span.hi,
947 };
948 Some((StepResult::Next, span))
949 } else {
950 None
951 }
952 }
953
954 pub fn get_result(&mut self) -> Value {
955 // Some executions don't have any statements to execute,
956 // such as a fragment that has only item definitions.
957 // In that case, the values are empty and the result is unit.
958 self.val_register.take().unwrap_or_else(Value::unit)
959 }
960
961 #[allow(clippy::similar_names)]
962 fn eval_expr<B: Backend>(
963 &mut self,
964 env: &mut Env,
965 sim: &mut TracingBackend<'_, B>,
966 globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup,
967 out: &mut impl Receiver,
968 expr: ExprId,
969 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
970 let expr = globals.get_expr((self.package, expr).into());
971 self.current_span = expr.span;
972 match &expr.kind {
973 ExprKind::Array(arr) => self.eval_arr(arr.len()),
974 ExprKind::ArrayLit(arr) => self.eval_arr_lit(arr, globals),
975 ExprKind::ArrayRepeat(..) => self.eval_arr_repeat(expr.span)?,
976 ExprKind::Assign(lhs, _) => self.eval_assign(env, globals, *lhs)?,
977 ExprKind::AssignOp(op, lhs, rhs) => {
978 let rhs_span = globals.get_expr((self.package, *rhs).into()).span;
979 let (is_array, is_unique) =
980 is_updatable_in_place(env, globals.get_expr((self.package, *lhs).into()));
981 if is_array {
982 if is_unique {
983 self.eval_array_append_in_place(env, globals, *lhs)?;
984 return Ok(());
985 }
986 let rhs_val = self.take_val_register();
987 self.eval_expr(env, sim, globals, out, *lhs)?;
988 self.push_val();
989 self.set_val_register(rhs_val);
990 }
991 self.eval_binop(*op, rhs_span)?;
992 self.eval_assign(env, globals, *lhs)?;
993 }
994 ExprKind::AssignField(record, field, _) => {
995 self.eval_update_field(field.clone());
996 self.eval_assign(env, globals, *record)?;
997 }
998 ExprKind::AssignIndex(lhs, mid, _) => {
999 let mid_span = globals.get_expr((self.package, *mid).into()).span;
1000 let (_, is_unique) =
1001 is_updatable_in_place(env, globals.get_expr((self.package, *lhs).into()));
1002 if is_unique {
1003 self.eval_update_index_in_place(env, globals, *lhs, mid_span)?;
1004 return Ok(());
1005 }
1006 self.push_val();
1007 self.eval_expr(env, sim, globals, out, *lhs)?;
1008 self.eval_update_index(mid_span)?;
1009 self.eval_assign(env, globals, *lhs)?;
1010 }
1011 ExprKind::BinOp(op, _, rhs) => {
1012 let rhs_span = globals.get_expr((self.package, *rhs).into()).span;
1013 self.eval_binop(*op, rhs_span)?;
1014 }
1015 ExprKind::Block(..) => panic!("block expr should be handled by control flow"),
1016 ExprKind::Call(callee_expr, args_expr) => {
1017 let callable_span = globals.get_expr((self.package, *callee_expr).into()).span;
1018 let args_span = globals.get_expr((self.package, *args_expr).into()).span;
1019 self.eval_call(env, sim, globals, callable_span, args_span, out)?;
1020 }
1021 ExprKind::Closure(args, callable) => {
1022 let closure = resolve_closure(env, self.package, expr.span, args, *callable)?;
1023 self.set_val_register(closure);
1024 }
1025 ExprKind::Fail(..) => {
1026 return Err(Error::UserFail(
1027 self.take_val_register().unwrap_string().to_string(),
1028 self.to_global_span(expr.span),
1029 ));
1030 }
1031 ExprKind::Field(_, field) => self.eval_field(field.clone()),
1032 ExprKind::Hole => panic!("hole expr should be disallowed by passes"),
1033 ExprKind::If(..) => {
1034 panic!("if expr should be handled by control flow")
1035 }
1036 ExprKind::Index(_, rhs) => {
1037 let rhs_span = globals.get_expr((self.package, *rhs).into()).span;
1038 self.eval_index(rhs_span)?;
1039 }
1040 ExprKind::Lit(lit) => {
1041 self.set_val_register(lit_to_val(lit));
1042 }
1043 ExprKind::Range(start, step, end) => {
1044 self.eval_range(start.is_some(), step.is_some(), end.is_some());
1045 }
1046 ExprKind::Return(..) => panic!("return expr should be handled by control flow"),
1047 ExprKind::Struct(res, copy, fields) => self.eval_struct(res, *copy, fields),
1048 ExprKind::String(components) => self.collect_string(components),
1049 ExprKind::UpdateIndex(_, mid, _) => {
1050 let mid_span = globals.get_expr((self.package, *mid).into()).span;
1051 self.eval_update_index(mid_span)?;
1052 }
1053 ExprKind::Tuple(tup) => self.eval_tup(tup.len()),
1054 ExprKind::UnOp(op, _) => self.eval_unop(*op),
1055 ExprKind::UpdateField(_, field, _) => {
1056 self.eval_update_field(field.clone());
1057 }
1058 ExprKind::Var(res, _) => {
1059 self.set_val_register(resolve_binding(env, self.package, *res, expr.span)?);
1060 }
1061 ExprKind::While(..) => {
1062 panic!("while expr should be handled by control flow")
1063 }
1064 }
1065
1066 Ok(())
1067 }
1068
1069 fn collect_string(&mut self, components: &[StringComponent]) {
1070 if let [StringComponent::Lit(str)] = components {
1071 self.set_val_register(Value::String(Rc::clone(str)));
1072 return;
1073 }
1074
1075 let mut string = String::new();
1076 for component in components.iter().rev() {
1077 match component {
1078 StringComponent::Expr(..) => {
1079 let expr_str = format!("{}", self.pop_val());
1080 string.insert_str(0, &expr_str);
1081 }
1082 StringComponent::Lit(lit) => {
1083 string.insert_str(0, lit);
1084 }
1085 }
1086 }
1087 self.set_val_register(Value::String(Rc::from(string)));
1088 }
1089
1090 fn eval_arr(&mut self, len: usize) {
1091 let arr = self.pop_vals(len);
1092 self.set_val_register(Value::Array(arr.into()));
1093 }
1094
1095 fn eval_arr_lit(&mut self, arr: &Vec<ExprId>, globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup) {
1096 let mut new_arr: Rc<Vec<Value>> = Rc::new(Vec::with_capacity(arr.len()));
1097 for id in arr {
1098 let ExprKind::Lit(lit) = &globals.get_expr((self.package, *id).into()).kind else {
1099 panic!("expr kind should be lit")
1100 };
1101 Rc::get_mut(&mut new_arr)
1102 .expect("array should be uniquely referenced")
1103 .push(lit_to_val(lit));
1104 }
1105 self.set_val_register(Value::Array(new_arr));
1106 }
1107
1108 fn eval_array_append_in_place(
1109 &mut self,
1110 env: &mut Env,
1111 globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup,
1112 lhs: ExprId,
1113 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
1114 let lhs = globals.get_expr((self.package, lhs).into());
1115 let rhs = self.take_val_register();
1116 match (&lhs.kind, rhs) {
1117 (&ExprKind::Var(Res::Local(id), _), rhs) => match env.get_mut(id) {
1118 Some(var) => {
1119 var.value.append_array(rhs);
1120 }
1121 None => return Err(Error::UnboundName(self.to_global_span(lhs.span))),
1122 },
1123 _ => unreachable!("unassignable array update pattern should be disallowed by compiler"),
1124 }
1125 Ok(())
1126 }
1127
1128 fn eval_arr_repeat(&mut self, span: Span) -> Result<(), Error> {
1129 let size_val = self.take_val_register().unwrap_int();
1130 let item_val = self.pop_val();
1131 let s = match size_val.try_into() {
1132 Ok(i) => Ok(i),
1133 Err(_) => Err(Error::InvalidArrayLength(
1134 size_val,
1135 self.to_global_span(span),
1136 )),
1137 }?;
1138 self.set_val_register(Value::Array(vec![item_val; s].into()));
1139 Ok(())
1140 }
1141
1142 fn eval_assign(
1143 &mut self,
1144 env: &mut Env,
1145 globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup,
1146 lhs: ExprId,
1147 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
1148 let rhs = self.take_val_register();
1149 self.update_binding(env, globals, lhs, rhs)
1150 }
1151
1152 fn eval_bind(&mut self, env: &mut Env, globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup, pat: PatId) {
1153 let val = self.take_val_register();
1154 self.bind_value(env, globals, pat, val);
1155 }
1156
1157 fn eval_binop(&mut self, op: BinOp, span: Span) -> Result<(), Error> {
1158 match op {
1159 BinOp::Add => self.eval_binop_simple(eval_binop_add),
1160 BinOp::AndB => self.eval_binop_simple(eval_binop_andb),
1161 BinOp::Div => self.eval_binop_with_error(span, eval_binop_div)?,
1162 BinOp::Eq => self.eval_binop_with_error(span, eval_binop_eq)?,
1163 BinOp::Exp => self.eval_binop_with_error(span, eval_binop_exp)?,
1164 BinOp::Gt => self.eval_binop_simple(eval_binop_gt),
1165 BinOp::Gte => self.eval_binop_simple(eval_binop_gte),
1166 BinOp::Lt => self.eval_binop_simple(eval_binop_lt),
1167 BinOp::Lte => self.eval_binop_simple(eval_binop_lte),
1168 BinOp::Mod => self.eval_binop_with_error(span, eval_binop_mod)?,
1169 BinOp::Mul => self.eval_binop_simple(eval_binop_mul),
1170 BinOp::Neq => self.eval_binop_with_error(span, eval_binop_neq)?,
1171 BinOp::OrB => self.eval_binop_simple(eval_binop_orb),
1172 BinOp::Shl => self.eval_binop_with_error(span, eval_binop_shl)?,
1173 BinOp::Shr => self.eval_binop_with_error(span, eval_binop_shr)?,
1174 BinOp::Sub => self.eval_binop_simple(eval_binop_sub),
1175 BinOp::XorB => self.eval_binop_simple(eval_binop_xorb),
1176
1177 // Logical operators should be handled by control flow
1178 BinOp::AndL | BinOp::OrL => {}
1179 }
1180 Ok(())
1181 }
1182
1183 fn eval_binop_simple(&mut self, binop_func: impl FnOnce(Value, Value) -> Value) {
1184 let rhs_val = self.take_val_register();
1185 let lhs_val = self.pop_val();
1186 self.set_val_register(binop_func(lhs_val, rhs_val));
1187 }
1188
1189 fn eval_binop_with_error(
1190 &mut self,
1191 span: Span,
1192 binop_func: impl FnOnce(Value, Value, PackageSpan) -> Result<Value, Error>,
1193 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
1194 let span = self.to_global_span(span);
1195 let rhs_val = self.take_val_register();
1196 let lhs_val = self.pop_val();
1197 self.set_val_register(binop_func(lhs_val, rhs_val, span)?);
1198 Ok(())
1199 }
1200
1201 fn eval_call<B: Backend>(
1202 &mut self,
1203 env: &mut Env,
1204 sim: &mut TracingBackend<'_, B>,
1205 globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup,
1206 callable_span: Span,
1207 arg_span: Span,
1208 out: &mut impl Receiver,
1209 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
1210 let arg = self.take_val_register();
1211 let (callee_id, functor, fixed_args) = match self.pop_val() {
1212 Value::Closure(inner) => (inner.id, inner.functor, Some(inner.fixed_args)),
1213 Value::Global(id, functor) => (id, functor, None),
1214 _ => panic!("value is not callable"),
1215 };
1216
1217 let arg_span = self.to_global_span(arg_span);
1218
1219 let callee = match globals.get_global(callee_id) {
1220 Some(Global::Callable(callable)) => callable,
1221 Some(Global::Udt) => {
1222 let arg = match arg {
1223 Value::Tuple(items, _) => Value::Tuple(items, Some(callee_id.into())),
1224 _ => arg,
1225 };
1226 self.set_val_register(arg);
1227 return Ok(());
1228 }
1229 None => return Err(Error::UnboundName(self.to_global_span(callable_span))),
1230 };
1231
1232 let callee_span = self.to_global_span(callee.span);
1233
1234 let spec = spec_from_functor_app(functor);
1235 match &callee.implementation {
1236 CallableImpl::Intrinsic if is_counting_call(&callee.name.name) => {
1237 self.push_frame(Vec::new().into(), callee_id, functor);
1238
1239 let val = self.counting_call(&callee.name.name, arg, arg_span)?;
1240
1241 self.set_val_register(val);
1242 self.leave_frame();
1243 Ok(())
1244 }
1245 CallableImpl::Intrinsic => self.eval_intrinsic(
1246 env,
1247 callee_id,
1248 functor,
1249 callee,
1250 sim,
1251 callee_span,
1252 arg,
1253 arg_span,
1254 out,
1255 ),
1256 CallableImpl::Spec(specialized_implementation) => {
1257 let spec_decl = match spec {
1258 Spec::Body => Some(&specialized_implementation.body),
1259 Spec::Adj => specialized_implementation.adj.as_ref(),
1260 Spec::Ctl => specialized_implementation.ctl.as_ref(),
1261 Spec::CtlAdj => specialized_implementation.ctl_adj.as_ref(),
1262 }
1263 .expect("missing specialization should be a compilation error");
1264 self.push_frame(
1265 spec_decl.exec_graph.clone().select(self.exec_graph_config),
1266 callee_id,
1267 functor,
1268 );
1269 self.push_scope(env);
1270 self.increment_call_count(callee_id, functor);
1271
1272 self.bind_args_for_spec(
1273 env,
1274 globals,
1275 callee.input,
1276 spec_decl.input,
1277 arg,
1278 arg_span,
1279 functor.controlled,
1280 fixed_args,
1281 )?;
1282 Ok(())
1283 }
1284 CallableImpl::SimulatableIntrinsic(spec_decl) => {
1285 self.push_frame(
1286 spec_decl.exec_graph.clone().select(self.exec_graph_config),
1287 callee_id,
1288 functor,
1289 );
1290 self.push_scope(env);
1291
1292 self.bind_args_for_spec(
1293 env,
1294 globals,
1295 callee.input,
1296 spec_decl.input,
1297 arg,
1298 arg_span,
1299 functor.controlled,
1300 fixed_args,
1301 )?;
1302 Ok(())
1303 }
1304 }
1305 }
1306
1307 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
1308 fn eval_intrinsic<B: Backend>(
1309 &mut self,
1310 env: &mut Env,
1311 callee_id: StoreItemId,
1312 functor: FunctorApp,
1313 callee: &fir::CallableDecl,
1314 sim: &mut TracingBackend<'_, B>,
1315 callee_span: PackageSpan,
1316 arg: Value,
1317 arg_span: PackageSpan,
1318 out: &mut impl Receiver,
1319 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
1320 let call_stack = self.capture_stack_if_trace_enabled(sim);
1321 self.push_frame(Vec::new().into(), callee_id, functor);
1322 self.current_span = callee_span.span;
1323 self.increment_call_count(callee_id, functor);
1324 let name = &callee.name.name;
1325 let val = match name.as_ref() {
1326 "__quantum__rt__qubit_allocate" => {
1327 let q = sim.qubit_allocate(&call_stack);
1328 let q = Rc::new(Qubit(q));
1329 env.track_qubit(Rc::clone(&q));
1330 if let Some(counter) = &mut self.qubit_counter {
1331 counter.allocated(q.0);
1332 }
1333 Value::Qubit(q.into())
1334 }
1335 "__quantum__rt__qubit_release" => {
1336 let qubit = arg
1337 .unwrap_qubit()
1338 .try_deref()
1339 .ok_or(Error::QubitDoubleRelease(arg_span))?;
1340 env.release_qubit(&qubit);
1341 if sim.qubit_release(qubit.0, &call_stack) {
1342 Value::unit()
1343 } else {
1344 return Err(Error::ReleasedQubitNotZero(qubit.0, arg_span));
1345 }
1346 }
1347 _ => {
1348 let val = intrinsic::call(
1349 name,
1350 callee_span,
1351 arg,
1352 arg_span,
1353 &call_stack,
1354 sim,
1355 &mut self.rng.borrow_mut(),
1356 out,
1357 )?;
1358 if val == Value::unit() && callee.output != Ty::UNIT {
1359 return Err(Error::UnsupportedIntrinsicType(
1360 callee.name.name.to_string(),
1361 callee_span,
1362 ));
1363 }
1364 val
1365 }
1366 };
1367 self.set_val_register(val);
1368 self.leave_frame();
1369 Ok(())
1370 }
1371
1372 fn eval_field(&mut self, field: Field) {
1373 let record = self.take_val_register();
1374 let val = match (record, field) {
1375 (Value::Range(inner), Field::Prim(PrimField::Start)) => Value::Int(
1376 inner
1377 .start
1378 .expect("range access should be validated by compiler"),
1379 ),
1380 (Value::Range(inner), Field::Prim(PrimField::Step)) => Value::Int(inner.step),
1381 (Value::Range(inner), Field::Prim(PrimField::End)) => Value::Int(
1382 inner
1383 .end
1384 .expect("range access should be validated by compiler"),
1385 ),
1386 (record, Field::Path(path)) => {
1387 follow_field_path(record, &path.indices).expect("field path should be valid")
1388 }
1389 (ref value, ref field) => {
1390 panic!("invalid field access. value: {value:?}, field: {field:?}")
1391 }
1392 };
1393 self.set_val_register(val);
1394 }
1395
1396 fn eval_index(&mut self, span: Span) -> Result<(), Error> {
1397 let index_val = self.take_val_register();
1398 let arr = self.pop_val().unwrap_array();
1399 match &index_val {
1400 Value::Int(i) => {
1401 self.set_val_register(index_array(&arr, *i, self.to_global_span(span))?);
1402 }
1403 Value::Range(inner) => {
1404 self.set_val_register(slice_array(
1405 &arr,
1406 inner.start,
1407 inner.step,
1408 inner.end,
1409 self.to_global_span(span),
1410 )?);
1411 }
1412 _ => panic!("array should only be indexed by Int or Range"),
1413 }
1414 Ok(())
1415 }
1416
1417 fn eval_range(&mut self, has_start: bool, has_step: bool, has_end: bool) {
1418 let end = if has_end {
1419 Some(self.take_val_register().unwrap_int())
1420 } else {
1421 None
1422 };
1423 let step = if has_step {
1424 self.pop_val().unwrap_int()
1425 } else {
1426 val::DEFAULT_RANGE_STEP
1427 };
1428 let start = if has_start {
1429 Some(self.pop_val().unwrap_int())
1430 } else {
1431 None
1432 };
1433 self.set_val_register(Value::Range(val::Range { start, step, end }.into()));
1434 }
1435
1436 fn eval_struct(&mut self, res: &Res, copy: Option<ExprId>, fields: &[FieldAssign]) {
1437 // Extract a flat list of field indexes.
1438 let field_indexes = fields
1439 .iter()
1440 .map(|f| match &f.field {
1441 Field::Path(path) => match path.indices.as_slice() {
1442 &[i] => i,
1443 _ => panic!("field path for struct should have a single index"),
1444 },
1445 _ => panic!("invalid field for struct"),
1446 })
1447 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
1448
1449 let len = fields.len();
1450
1451 let (field_vals, mut strct) = if copy.is_some() {
1452 // Get the field values and the copy struct value.
1453 let field_vals = self.pop_vals(len + 1);
1454 let (copy, field_vals) = field_vals.split_first().expect("copy value is expected");
1455
1456 // Make a clone of the copy struct value.
1457 (field_vals.to_vec(), copy.clone().unwrap_tuple().to_vec())
1458 } else {
1459 // Make an empty struct of the appropriate size.
1460 (self.pop_vals(len), vec![Value::Int(0); len])
1461 };
1462
1463 // Insert the field values into the new struct.
1464 assert!(
1465 field_vals.len() == field_indexes.len(),
1466 "number of given field values should match the number of given struct fields"
1467 );
1468 for (i, val) in field_indexes.iter().zip(field_vals.into_iter()) {
1469 strct[*i] = val;
1470 }
1471
1472 let store_item_id = if let Res::Item(item_id) = res {
1473 StoreItemId {
1474 package: item_id.package,
1475 item: item_id.item,
1476 }
1477 } else {
1478 panic!("UDT should be an item");
1479 };
1480
1481 self.set_val_register(Value::Tuple(strct.into(), Some(Rc::new(store_item_id))));
1482 }
1483
1484 fn eval_update_index(&mut self, span: Span) -> Result<(), Error> {
1485 let values = self.take_val_register().unwrap_array();
1486 let update = self.pop_val();
1487 let index = self.pop_val();
1488 let span = self.to_global_span(span);
1489 match index {
1490 Value::Int(index) => self.eval_update_index_single(&values, index, update, span),
1491 Value::Range(inner) => self.eval_update_index_range(
1492 &values,
1493 inner.start,
1494 inner.step,
1495 inner.end,
1496 update,
1497 span,
1498 ),
1499 _ => unreachable!("array should only be indexed by Int or Range"),
1500 }
1501 }
1502
1503 fn eval_update_index_single(
1504 &mut self,
1505 values: &[Value],
1506 index: i64,
1507 update: Value,
1508 span: PackageSpan,
1509 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
1510 let updated_array = update_index_single(values, index, update, span)?;
1511 self.set_val_register(updated_array);
1512 Ok(())
1513 }
1514
1515 fn eval_update_index_range(
1516 &mut self,
1517 values: &[Value],
1518 start: Option<i64>,
1519 step: i64,
1520 end: Option<i64>,
1521 update: Value,
1522 span: PackageSpan,
1523 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
1524 let updated_array = update_index_range(values, start, step, end, update, span)?;
1525 self.set_val_register(updated_array);
1526 Ok(())
1527 }
1528
1529 fn eval_update_index_in_place(
1530 &mut self,
1531 env: &mut Env,
1532 globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup,
1533 lhs: ExprId,
1534 span: Span,
1535 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
1536 let update = self.take_val_register();
1537 let index = self.pop_val();
1538 let span = self.to_global_span(span);
1539 match index {
1540 Value::Int(index) => {
1541 if index < 0 {
1542 return Err(Error::InvalidNegativeInt(index, span));
1543 }
1544 self.update_array_index_single(env, globals, lhs, span, index, update)
1545 }
1546 range @ Value::Range(..) => {
1547 self.update_array_index_range(env, globals, lhs, span, &range, update)
1548 }
1549 _ => unreachable!("array should only be indexed by Int or Range"),
1550 }
1551 }
1552
1553 fn eval_tup(&mut self, len: usize) {
1554 let tup = self.pop_vals(len);
1555 self.set_val_register(Value::Tuple(tup.into(), None));
1556 }
1557
1558 fn eval_unop(&mut self, op: UnOp) {
1559 let val = self.take_val_register();
1560 match op {
1561 UnOp::Functor(functor) => match val {
1562 Value::Closure(inner) => {
1563 self.set_val_register(Value::Closure(
1564 val::Closure {
1565 functor: update_functor_app(functor, inner.functor),
1566 ..*inner
1567 }
1568 .into(),
1569 ));
1570 }
1571 Value::Global(id, app) => {
1572 self.set_val_register(Value::Global(id, update_functor_app(functor, app)));
1573 }
1574 _ => panic!("value should be callable"),
1575 },
1576 UnOp::Neg => match val {
1577 Value::BigInt(v) => self.set_val_register(Value::BigInt(v.neg())),
1578 Value::Double(v) => self.set_val_register(Value::Double(v.neg())),
1579 Value::Int(v) => self.set_val_register(Value::Int(v.wrapping_neg())),
1580 Value::Tuple(v, Some(id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
1581 let [real, imag] = array::from_fn(|i| v[i].clone());
1582 let real = real.unwrap_double();
1583 let imag = imag.unwrap_double();
1584 self.set_val_register(Value::Tuple(
1585 vec![Value::Double(-real), Value::Double(-imag)].into(),
1586 Some(Rc::new(StoreItemId::complex())),
1587 ));
1588 }
1589 _ => panic!("value should be number"),
1590 },
1591 UnOp::NotB => match val {
1592 Value::Int(v) => self.set_val_register(Value::Int(!v)),
1593 Value::BigInt(v) => self.set_val_register(Value::BigInt(!v)),
1594 _ => panic!("value should be Int or BigInt"),
1595 },
1596 UnOp::NotL => match val {
1597 Value::Bool(b) => self.set_val_register(Value::Bool(!b)),
1598 _ => panic!("value should be bool"),
1599 },
1600 UnOp::Pos => match val {
1601 Value::BigInt(_) | Value::Int(_) | Value::Double(_) => self.set_val_register(val),
1602 Value::Tuple(_, Some(ref id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
1603 self.set_val_register(val);
1604 }
1605 _ => panic!("value should be number"),
1606 },
1607 UnOp::Unwrap => self.set_val_register(val),
1608 }
1609 }
1610
1611 fn eval_update_field(&mut self, field: Field) {
1612 let record = self.take_val_register();
1613 let value = self.pop_val();
1614 let update = match (record, field) {
1615 (Value::Range(mut inner), Field::Prim(PrimField::Start)) => {
1616 inner.start = Some(value.unwrap_int());
1617 Value::Range(inner)
1618 }
1619 (Value::Range(mut inner), Field::Prim(PrimField::Step)) => {
1620 inner.step = value.unwrap_int();
1621 Value::Range(inner)
1622 }
1623 (Value::Range(mut inner), Field::Prim(PrimField::End)) => {
1624 inner.end = Some(value.unwrap_int());
1625 Value::Range(inner)
1626 }
1627 (record, Field::Path(path)) => update_field_path(&record, &path.indices, &value)
1628 .expect("field path should be valid"),
1629 _ => panic!("invalid field access"),
1630 };
1631 self.set_val_register(update);
1632 }
1633
1634 fn bind_value(&self, env: &mut Env, globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup, pat: PatId, val: Value) {
1635 let pat = globals.get_pat((self.package, pat).into());
1636 match &pat.kind {
1637 PatKind::Bind(variable) => {
1638 let scope = env.scopes.last_mut().expect("binding should have a scope");
1639 scope.bindings.insert(
1640 variable.id,
1641 Variable {
1642 name: variable.name.clone(),
1643 value: val,
1644 span: variable.span,
1645 },
1646 );
1647 }
1648 PatKind::Discard => {}
1649 PatKind::Tuple(tup) => {
1650 let val_tup = val.unwrap_tuple();
1651 for (pat, val) in tup.iter().zip(val_tup.iter()) {
1652 self.bind_value(env, globals, *pat, val.clone());
1653 }
1654 }
1655 }
1656 }
1657
1658 #[allow(clippy::similar_names)]
1659 fn update_binding(
1660 &self,
1661 env: &mut Env,
1662 globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup,
1663 lhs: ExprId,
1664 rhs: Value,
1665 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
1666 let lhs = globals.get_expr((self.package, lhs).into());
1667 match (&lhs.kind, rhs) {
1668 (ExprKind::Hole, _) => {}
1669 (&ExprKind::Var(Res::Local(id), _), rhs) => match env.get_mut(id) {
1670 Some(var) => {
1671 var.value = rhs;
1672 }
1673 None => return Err(Error::UnboundName(self.to_global_span(lhs.span))),
1674 },
1675 (ExprKind::Tuple(var_tup), Value::Tuple(tup, _)) => {
1676 for (expr, val) in var_tup.iter().zip(tup.iter()) {
1677 self.update_binding(env, globals, *expr, val.clone())?;
1678 }
1679 }
1680 _ => unreachable!("unassignable pattern should be disallowed by compiler"),
1681 }
1682 Ok(())
1683 }
1684
1685 fn update_array_index_single(
1686 &mut self,
1687 env: &mut Env,
1688 globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup,
1689 lhs: ExprId,
1690 span: PackageSpan,
1691 index: i64,
1692 rhs: Value,
1693 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
1694 let lhs = globals.get_expr((self.package, lhs).into());
1695 match &lhs.kind {
1696 &ExprKind::Var(Res::Local(id), _) => match env.get_mut(id) {
1697 Some(var) => {
1698 var.value.update_array(index, rhs, span)?;
1699 }
1700 None => return Err(Error::UnboundName(self.to_global_span(lhs.span))),
1701 },
1702 _ => unreachable!("unassignable array update pattern should be disallowed by compiler"),
1703 }
1704 Ok(())
1705 }
1706
1707 #[allow(clippy::similar_names)] // `env` and `end` are similar but distinct
1708 fn update_array_index_range(
1709 &mut self,
1710 env: &mut Env,
1711 globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup,
1712 lhs: ExprId,
1713 range_span: PackageSpan,
1714 range: &Value,
1715 update: Value,
1716 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
1717 let lhs = globals.get_expr((self.package, lhs).into());
1718 match &lhs.kind {
1719 &ExprKind::Var(Res::Local(id), _) => match env.get_mut(id) {
1720 Some(var) => {
1721 let rhs = update.unwrap_array();
1722 let Value::Array(arr) = &mut var.value else {
1723 panic!("variable should be an array");
1724 };
1725 let Value::Range(inner) = range else {
1726 unreachable!("range should be a Value::Range");
1727 };
1728 let range = make_range(arr, inner.start, inner.step, inner.end, range_span)?;
1729 for (idx, rhs) in range.into_iter().zip(rhs.iter()) {
1730 if idx < 0 {
1731 return Err(Error::InvalidNegativeInt(idx, range_span));
1732 }
1733 var.value.update_array(idx, rhs.clone(), range_span)?;
1734 }
1735 }
1736 None => return Err(Error::UnboundName(self.to_global_span(lhs.span))),
1737 },
1738 _ => unreachable!("unassignable array update pattern should be disallowed by compiler"),
1739 }
1740 Ok(())
1741 }
1742
1743 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
1744 fn bind_args_for_spec(
1745 &self,
1746 env: &mut Env,
1747 globals: &impl PackageStoreLookup,
1748 decl_pat: PatId,
1749 spec_pat: Option<PatId>,
1750 args_val: Value,
1751 args_span: PackageSpan,
1752 ctl_count: u8,
1753 fixed_args: Option<Rc<[Value]>>,
1754 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
1755 match spec_pat {
1756 Some(spec_pat) => {
1757 assert!(
1758 ctl_count > 0,
1759 "spec pattern tuple used without controlled functor"
1760 );
1761
1762 let mut tup = args_val;
1763 let mut ctls = vec![];
1764 for _ in 0..ctl_count {
1765 let [c, rest] = &*tup.unwrap_tuple() else {
1766 panic!("tuple should be arity 2");
1767 };
1768 ctls.extend_from_slice(&c.clone().unwrap_array());
1769 tup = rest.clone();
1770 }
1771
1772 if !are_ctls_unique(&ctls, &tup) {
1773 return Err(Error::QubitUniqueness(args_span));
1774 }
1775
1776 self.bind_value(env, globals, spec_pat, Value::Array(ctls.into()));
1777 self.bind_value(env, globals, decl_pat, merge_fixed_args(fixed_args, tup));
1778 }
1779 None => self.bind_value(
1780 env,
1781 globals,
1782 decl_pat,
1783 merge_fixed_args(fixed_args, args_val),
1784 ),
1785 }
1786 Ok(())
1787 }
1788
1789 fn to_global_span(&self, span: Span) -> PackageSpan {
1790 PackageSpan {
1791 package: map_fir_package_to_hir(self.package),
1792 span,
1793 }
1794 }
1795
1796 fn counting_call(&mut self, name: &str, arg: Value, span: PackageSpan) -> Result<Value, Error> {
1797 let counting_key = |arg: Value| match arg {
1798 Value::Closure(closure) => make_counting_key(closure.id, closure.functor),
1799 Value::Global(id, functor) => make_counting_key(id, functor),
1800 _ => panic!("value should be callable"),
1801 };
1802 match name {
1803 "StartCountingOperation" | "StartCountingFunction" => {
1804 if self.call_counts.insert(counting_key(arg), 0).is_some() {
1805 Err(Error::CallableAlreadyCounted(span))
1806 } else {
1807 Ok(Value::unit())
1808 }
1809 }
1810 "StopCountingOperation" | "StopCountingFunction" => {
1811 if let Some(count) = self.call_counts.remove(&counting_key(arg)) {
1812 Ok(Value::Int(count))
1813 } else {
1814 Err(Error::CallableNotCounted(span))
1815 }
1816 }
1817 "StartCountingQubits" => {
1818 if self
1819 .qubit_counter
1820 .replace(QubitCounter::default())
1821 .is_some()
1822 {
1823 Err(Error::QubitsAlreadyCounted(span))
1824 } else {
1825 Ok(Value::unit())
1826 }
1827 }
1828 "StopCountingQubits" => {
1829 if let Some(qubit_counter) = self.qubit_counter.take() {
1830 Ok(Value::Int(qubit_counter.into_count()))
1831 } else {
1832 Err(Error::QubitsNotCounted(span))
1833 }
1834 }
1835 _ => panic!("unknown counting call"),
1836 }
1837 }
1838
1839 fn increment_call_count(&mut self, callee_id: StoreItemId, functor: FunctorApp) {
1840 if let Some(count) = self
1841 .call_counts
1842 .get_mut(&make_counting_key(callee_id, functor))
1843 {
1844 *count += 1;
1845 }
1846 }
1847}
1848
1849pub fn are_ctls_unique(ctls: &[Value], tup: &Value) -> bool {
1850 let mut qubits = FxHashSet::default();
1851 for ctl in ctls.iter().flat_map(Value::qubits) {
1852 if let Some(ctl) = ctl.try_deref()
1853 && !qubits.insert(ctl)
1854 {
1855 return false;
1856 }
1857 }
1858 for qubit in tup.qubits() {
1859 if let Some(qubit) = qubit.try_deref()
1860 && qubits.contains(&qubit)
1861 {
1862 return false;
1863 }
1864 }
1865 true
1866}
1867
1868fn merge_fixed_args(fixed_args: Option<Rc<[Value]>>, arg: Value) -> Value {
1869 if let Some(fixed_args) = fixed_args {
1870 Value::Tuple(
1871 fixed_args.iter().cloned().chain(iter::once(arg)).collect(),
1872 None,
1873 )
1874 } else {
1875 arg
1876 }
1877}
1878
1879fn resolve_binding(env: &Env, package: PackageId, res: Res, span: Span) -> Result<Value, Error> {
1880 Ok(match res {
1881 Res::Err => panic!("resolution error"),
1882 Res::Item(item) => Value::Global(
1883 StoreItemId {
1884 package: item.package,
1885 item: item.item,
1886 },
1887 FunctorApp::default(),
1888 ),
1889 Res::Local(id) => env
1890 .get(id)
1891 .ok_or(Error::UnboundName(PackageSpan {
1892 package: map_fir_package_to_hir(package),
1893 span,
1894 }))?
1895 .value
1896 .clone(),
1897 })
1898}
1899
1900fn spec_from_functor_app(functor: FunctorApp) -> Spec {
1901 match (functor.adjoint, functor.controlled) {
1902 (false, 0) => Spec::Body,
1903 (true, 0) => Spec::Adj,
1904 (false, _) => Spec::Ctl,
1905 (true, _) => Spec::CtlAdj,
1906 }
1907}
1908
1909pub fn resolve_closure(
1910 env: &Env,
1911 package: PackageId,
1912 span: Span,
1913 args: &[LocalVarId],
1914 callable: LocalItemId,
1915) -> Result<Value, Error> {
1916 let args: Option<_> = args
1917 .iter()
1918 .map(|&arg| Some(env.get(arg)?.value.clone()))
1919 .collect();
1920 let args: Vec<_> = args.ok_or(Error::UnboundName(PackageSpan {
1921 package: map_fir_package_to_hir(package),
1922 span,
1923 }))?;
1924 let callable = StoreItemId {
1925 package,
1926 item: callable,
1927 };
1928 Ok(Value::Closure(
1929 val::Closure {
1930 fixed_args: args.into(),
1931 id: callable,
1932 functor: FunctorApp::default(),
1933 }
1934 .into(),
1935 ))
1936}
1937
1938fn lit_to_val(lit: &Lit) -> Value {
1939 match lit {
1940 Lit::BigInt(v) => Value::BigInt(v.clone()),
1941 Lit::Bool(v) => Value::Bool(*v),
1942 Lit::Double(v) => Value::Double(*v),
1943 Lit::Int(v) => Value::Int(*v),
1944 Lit::Pauli(v) => Value::Pauli(*v),
1945 Lit::Result(fir::Result::Zero) => Value::RESULT_ZERO,
1946 Lit::Result(fir::Result::One) => Value::RESULT_ONE,
1947 }
1948}
1949
1950fn eval_binop_eq(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value, rhs_span: PackageSpan) -> Result<Value, Error> {
1951 match (lhs_val, rhs_val) {
1952 (Value::Result(val::Result::Id(_)), _) | (_, Value::Result(val::Result::Id(_))) => {
1953 // Comparison of result ids is nonsensical, so we prevent it.
1954 // This code path is reachable when using the circuit builder backend
1955 // since we don't currently do runtime capability analysis
1956 // to prevent executing programs that do result comparisons.
1957 Err(Error::ResultComparisonUnsupported(rhs_span))
1958 }
1959 (Value::Result(val::Result::Loss), _) | (_, Value::Result(val::Result::Loss)) => {
1960 // Loss is not comparable and should be checked ahead of time, so treat this as a runtime
1961 // failure.
1962 Err(Error::ResultLossComparisonUnsupported(rhs_span))
1963 }
1964 (lhs, rhs) => Ok(Value::Bool(lhs == rhs)),
1965 }
1966}
1967
1968fn eval_binop_neq(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value, rhs_span: PackageSpan) -> Result<Value, Error> {
1969 match (lhs_val, rhs_val) {
1970 (Value::Result(val::Result::Id(_)), _) | (_, Value::Result(val::Result::Id(_))) => {
1971 // Comparison of result ids is nonsensical, so we prevent it.
1972 // This code path is reachable when using the circuit builder backend
1973 // since we don't currently do runtime capability analysis
1974 // to prevent executing programs that do result comparisons.
1975 Err(Error::ResultComparisonUnsupported(rhs_span))
1976 }
1977 (Value::Result(val::Result::Loss), _) | (_, Value::Result(val::Result::Loss)) => {
1978 // Loss is not comparable and should be checked ahead of time, so treat this as a runtime
1979 // failure.
1980 Err(Error::ResultLossComparisonUnsupported(rhs_span))
1981 }
1982 (lhs, rhs) => Ok(Value::Bool(lhs != rhs)),
1983 }
1984}
1985
1986fn eval_binop_add(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value) -> Value {
1987 match lhs_val {
1988 Value::Array(arr) => {
1989 let rhs_arr = rhs_val.unwrap_array();
1990 let items: Vec<_> = arr.iter().cloned().chain(rhs_arr.iter().cloned()).collect();
1991 Value::Array(items.into())
1992 }
1993 Value::BigInt(val) => {
1994 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_big_int();
1995 Value::BigInt(val + rhs)
1996 }
1997 Value::Double(val) => {
1998 match &rhs_val {
1999 Value::Double(v) => Value::Double(val + v),
2000 Value::Tuple(v, Some(id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
2001 // Special case for adding a double and a complex literal.
2002 let [real, imag] = array::from_fn(|i| v[i].clone());
2003 let real = real.unwrap_double();
2004 let imag = imag.unwrap_double();
2005 Value::Tuple(
2006 vec![Value::Double(val + real), Value::Double(imag)].into(),
2007 Some(Rc::clone(id)),
2008 )
2009 }
2010 _ => panic!("value is not addable: {}", rhs_val.type_name()),
2011 }
2012 }
2013 Value::Int(val) => {
2014 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2015 Value::Int(val.wrapping_add(rhs))
2016 }
2017 Value::String(val) => {
2018 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_string();
2019 Value::String((val.to_string() + &rhs).into())
2020 }
2021 Value::Tuple(v, Some(id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
2022 let [real, imag] = array::from_fn(|i| v[i].clone());
2023 let real = real.unwrap_double();
2024 let imag = imag.unwrap_double();
2025 match &rhs_val {
2026 // Special case for adding a complex literal and a double.
2027 Value::Double(v) => Value::Tuple(
2028 vec![Value::Double(real + v), Value::Double(imag)].into(),
2029 Some(Rc::clone(&id)),
2030 ),
2031 Value::Tuple(v, Some(id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
2032 let [rhs_real, rhs_imag] = array::from_fn(|i| v[i].clone());
2033 let rhs_real = rhs_real.unwrap_double();
2034 let rhs_imag = rhs_imag.unwrap_double();
2035 Value::Tuple(
2036 vec![
2037 Value::Double(real + rhs_real),
2038 Value::Double(imag + rhs_imag),
2039 ]
2040 .into(),
2041 Some(Rc::clone(id)),
2042 )
2043 }
2044 _ => panic!("value is not addable: {}", rhs_val.type_name()),
2045 }
2046 }
2047 _ => panic!("value is not addable: {}", lhs_val.type_name()),
2048 }
2049}
2050
2051fn eval_binop_andb(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value) -> Value {
2052 match lhs_val {
2053 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2054 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_big_int();
2055 Value::BigInt(val & rhs)
2056 }
2057 Value::Int(val) => {
2058 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2059 Value::Int(val & rhs)
2060 }
2061 _ => panic!("value type does not support andb"),
2062 }
2063}
2064
2065fn eval_binop_div(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value, rhs_span: PackageSpan) -> Result<Value, Error> {
2066 match lhs_val {
2067 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2068 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_big_int();
2069 if rhs == BigInt::from(0) {
2070 Err(Error::DivZero(rhs_span))
2071 } else {
2072 Ok(Value::BigInt(val / rhs))
2073 }
2074 }
2075 Value::Int(val) => {
2076 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2077 if rhs == 0 {
2078 Err(Error::DivZero(rhs_span))
2079 } else {
2080 Ok(Value::Int(val.wrapping_div(rhs)))
2081 }
2082 }
2083 Value::Double(val) => {
2084 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_double();
2085 Ok(Value::Double(val / rhs))
2086 }
2087 Value::Tuple(v, Some(id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
2088 let [real, imag] = array::from_fn(|i| v[i].clone());
2089 let real = real.unwrap_double();
2090 let imag = imag.unwrap_double();
2091 match rhs_val {
2092 Value::Tuple(v, Some(id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
2093 let [rhs_real, rhs_imag] = array::from_fn(|i| v[i].clone());
2094 let rhs_real = rhs_real.unwrap_double();
2095 let rhs_imag = rhs_imag.unwrap_double();
2096 let denom = rhs_real * rhs_real + rhs_imag * rhs_imag;
2097 if denom == 0.0 {
2098 Err(Error::DivZero(rhs_span))
2099 } else {
2100 Ok(Value::Tuple(
2101 vec![
2102 Value::Double((real * rhs_real + imag * rhs_imag) / denom),
2103 Value::Double((imag * rhs_real - real * rhs_imag) / denom),
2104 ]
2105 .into(),
2106 Some(Rc::clone(&id)),
2107 ))
2108 }
2109 }
2110 _ => panic!("value should support div"),
2111 }
2112 }
2113 _ => panic!("value should support div"),
2114 }
2115}
2116
2117fn eval_binop_exp(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value, rhs_span: PackageSpan) -> Result<Value, Error> {
2118 match lhs_val {
2119 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2120 let rhs_val = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2121 if rhs_val < 0 {
2122 Err(Error::InvalidNegativeInt(rhs_val, rhs_span))
2123 } else {
2124 let rhs_val: u32 = match rhs_val.try_into() {
2125 Ok(v) => Ok(v),
2126 Err(_) => Err(Error::IntTooLarge(rhs_val, rhs_span)),
2127 }?;
2128 Ok(Value::BigInt(val.pow(rhs_val)))
2129 }
2130 }
2131 Value::Double(val) => Ok(Value::Double(val.powf(rhs_val.unwrap_double()))),
2132 Value::Int(val) => {
2133 let rhs_val = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2134 if rhs_val < 0 {
2135 Err(Error::InvalidNegativeInt(rhs_val, rhs_span))
2136 } else {
2137 let result: i64 = match rhs_val.try_into() {
2138 Ok(v) => val
2139 .checked_pow(v)
2140 .ok_or(Error::IntTooLarge(rhs_val, rhs_span)),
2141 Err(_) => Err(Error::IntTooLarge(rhs_val, rhs_span)),
2142 }?;
2143 Ok(Value::Int(result))
2144 }
2145 }
2146 Value::Tuple(v, Some(id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
2147 let [real, imag] = array::from_fn(|i| v[i].clone());
2148 let real = real.unwrap_double();
2149 let imag = imag.unwrap_double();
2150 match rhs_val {
2151 Value::Tuple(v, Some(id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
2152 let [rhs_real, rhs_imag] = array::from_fn(|i| v[i].clone());
2153 let rhs_real = rhs_real.unwrap_double();
2154 let rhs_imag = rhs_imag.unwrap_double();
2155 // (a + bi)^(c + di) = exp((c + di) * log(a + bi))
2156 let log_re = 0.5 * (real * real + imag * imag).ln();
2157 let log_im = imag.atan2(real);
2158 let exp_re = (rhs_real * log_re - rhs_imag * log_im).exp();
2159 let exp_im = rhs_real * log_im + rhs_imag * log_re;
2160 Ok(Value::Tuple(
2161 vec![
2162 Value::Double(exp_re * exp_im.cos()),
2163 Value::Double(exp_re * exp_im.sin()),
2164 ]
2165 .into(),
2166 Some(Rc::clone(&id)),
2167 ))
2168 }
2169 _ => panic!("value should support exp"),
2170 }
2171 }
2172 _ => panic!("value should support exp"),
2173 }
2174}
2175
2176fn eval_binop_gt(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value) -> Value {
2177 match lhs_val {
2178 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2179 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_big_int();
2180 Value::Bool(val > rhs)
2181 }
2182 Value::Int(val) => {
2183 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2184 Value::Bool(val > rhs)
2185 }
2186 Value::Double(val) => {
2187 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_double();
2188 Value::Bool(val > rhs)
2189 }
2190 _ => panic!("value doesn't support binop gt"),
2191 }
2192}
2193
2194fn eval_binop_gte(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value) -> Value {
2195 match lhs_val {
2196 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2197 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_big_int();
2198 Value::Bool(val >= rhs)
2199 }
2200 Value::Int(val) => {
2201 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2202 Value::Bool(val >= rhs)
2203 }
2204 Value::Double(val) => {
2205 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_double();
2206 Value::Bool(val >= rhs)
2207 }
2208 _ => panic!("value doesn't support binop gte"),
2209 }
2210}
2211
2212fn eval_binop_lt(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value) -> Value {
2213 match lhs_val {
2214 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2215 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_big_int();
2216 Value::Bool(val < rhs)
2217 }
2218 Value::Int(val) => {
2219 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2220 Value::Bool(val < rhs)
2221 }
2222 Value::Double(val) => {
2223 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_double();
2224 Value::Bool(val < rhs)
2225 }
2226 _ => panic!("value doesn't support binop lt"),
2227 }
2228}
2229
2230fn eval_binop_lte(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value) -> Value {
2231 match lhs_val {
2232 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2233 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_big_int();
2234 Value::Bool(val <= rhs)
2235 }
2236 Value::Int(val) => {
2237 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2238 Value::Bool(val <= rhs)
2239 }
2240 Value::Double(val) => {
2241 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_double();
2242 Value::Bool(val <= rhs)
2243 }
2244 _ => panic!("value doesn't support binop lte"),
2245 }
2246}
2247
2248fn eval_binop_mod(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value, rhs_span: PackageSpan) -> Result<Value, Error> {
2249 match lhs_val {
2250 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2251 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_big_int();
2252 if rhs == BigInt::from(0) {
2253 Err(Error::DivZero(rhs_span))
2254 } else {
2255 Ok(Value::BigInt(val % rhs))
2256 }
2257 }
2258 Value::Int(val) => {
2259 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2260 if rhs == 0 {
2261 Err(Error::DivZero(rhs_span))
2262 } else {
2263 Ok(Value::Int(val.wrapping_rem(rhs)))
2264 }
2265 }
2266 Value::Double(val) => {
2267 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_double();
2268 if rhs == 0.0 {
2269 Err(Error::DivZero(rhs_span))
2270 } else {
2271 Ok(Value::Double(val % rhs))
2272 }
2273 }
2274 _ => panic!("value should support mod"),
2275 }
2276}
2277
2278fn eval_binop_mul(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value) -> Value {
2279 match lhs_val {
2280 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2281 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_big_int();
2282 Value::BigInt(val * rhs)
2283 }
2284 Value::Int(val) => {
2285 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2286 Value::Int(val.wrapping_mul(rhs))
2287 }
2288 Value::Double(val) => {
2289 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_double();
2290 Value::Double(val * rhs)
2291 }
2292 Value::Tuple(v, Some(id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
2293 // Special case for multiplying complex literals.
2294 let [real, imag] = array::from_fn(|i| v[i].clone());
2295 let real = real.unwrap_double();
2296 let imag = imag.unwrap_double();
2297 match &rhs_val {
2298 Value::Tuple(v, Some(id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
2299 let [rhs_real, rhs_imag] = array::from_fn(|i| v[i].clone());
2300 let rhs_real = rhs_real.unwrap_double();
2301 let rhs_imag = rhs_imag.unwrap_double();
2302 Value::Tuple(
2303 vec![
2304 Value::Double(real * rhs_real - imag * rhs_imag),
2305 Value::Double(real * rhs_imag + imag * rhs_real),
2306 ]
2307 .into(),
2308 Some(Rc::clone(id)),
2309 )
2310 }
2311 _ => panic!("value is not multipliable: {}", rhs_val.type_name()),
2312 }
2313 }
2314 _ => panic!("value should support mul"),
2315 }
2316}
2317
2318fn eval_binop_orb(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value) -> Value {
2319 match lhs_val {
2320 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2321 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_big_int();
2322 Value::BigInt(val | rhs)
2323 }
2324 Value::Int(val) => {
2325 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2326 Value::Int(val | rhs)
2327 }
2328 _ => panic!("value type does not support orb"),
2329 }
2330}
2331
2332fn eval_binop_shl(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value, rhs_span: PackageSpan) -> Result<Value, Error> {
2333 Ok(match lhs_val {
2334 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2335 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2336 if rhs > 0 {
2337 Value::BigInt(val << rhs)
2338 } else {
2339 Value::BigInt(val >> rhs.abs())
2340 }
2341 }
2342 Value::Int(val) => {
2343 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2344 Value::Int(if rhs > 0 {
2345 let shift: u32 = rhs.try_into().or(Err(Error::IntTooLarge(rhs, rhs_span)))?;
2346 val.checked_shl(shift)
2347 .ok_or(Error::IntTooLarge(rhs, rhs_span))?
2348 } else {
2349 let shift: u32 = rhs
2350 .checked_neg()
2351 .ok_or(Error::IntTooLarge(rhs, rhs_span))?
2352 .try_into()
2353 .or(Err(Error::IntTooLarge(rhs, rhs_span)))?;
2354 val.checked_shr(shift)
2355 .ok_or(Error::IntTooLarge(rhs, rhs_span))?
2356 })
2357 }
2358 _ => panic!("value should support shl"),
2359 })
2360}
2361
2362fn eval_binop_shr(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value, rhs_span: PackageSpan) -> Result<Value, Error> {
2363 Ok(match lhs_val {
2364 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2365 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2366 if rhs > 0 {
2367 Value::BigInt(val >> rhs)
2368 } else {
2369 Value::BigInt(val << rhs.abs())
2370 }
2371 }
2372 Value::Int(val) => {
2373 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2374 Value::Int(if rhs > 0 {
2375 let shift: u32 = rhs.try_into().or(Err(Error::IntTooLarge(rhs, rhs_span)))?;
2376 val.checked_shr(shift)
2377 .ok_or(Error::IntTooLarge(rhs, rhs_span))?
2378 } else {
2379 let shift: u32 = rhs
2380 .checked_neg()
2381 .ok_or(Error::IntTooLarge(rhs, rhs_span))?
2382 .try_into()
2383 .or(Err(Error::IntTooLarge(rhs, rhs_span)))?;
2384 val.checked_shl(shift)
2385 .ok_or(Error::IntTooLarge(rhs, rhs_span))?
2386 })
2387 }
2388 _ => panic!("value should support shr"),
2389 })
2390}
2391
2392fn eval_binop_sub(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value) -> Value {
2393 match lhs_val {
2394 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2395 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_big_int();
2396 Value::BigInt(val - rhs)
2397 }
2398 Value::Double(val) => {
2399 match &rhs_val {
2400 Value::Double(v) => Value::Double(val - v),
2401 Value::Tuple(v, Some(id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
2402 // Special case for subtracting a complex literal from a double.
2403 let [real, imag] = array::from_fn(|i| v[i].clone());
2404 let real = real.unwrap_double();
2405 let imag = imag.unwrap_double();
2406 Value::Tuple(
2407 vec![Value::Double(val - real), Value::Double(-imag)].into(),
2408 Some(Rc::clone(id)),
2409 )
2410 }
2411 _ => panic!("value is not subtractable: {}", rhs_val.type_name()),
2412 }
2413 }
2414 Value::Int(val) => {
2415 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2416 Value::Int(val.wrapping_sub(rhs))
2417 }
2418 Value::Tuple(v, Some(id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
2419 let [real, imag] = array::from_fn(|i| v[i].clone());
2420 let real = real.unwrap_double();
2421 let imag = imag.unwrap_double();
2422 match &rhs_val {
2423 // Special case for subtracting a double from a complex literal.
2424 Value::Double(v) => Value::Tuple(
2425 vec![Value::Double(real - v), Value::Double(imag)].into(),
2426 Some(Rc::clone(&id)),
2427 ),
2428 Value::Tuple(v, Some(id)) if *id.as_ref() == StoreItemId::complex() => {
2429 let [rhs_real, rhs_imag] = array::from_fn(|i| v[i].clone());
2430 let rhs_real = rhs_real.unwrap_double();
2431 let rhs_imag = rhs_imag.unwrap_double();
2432 Value::Tuple(
2433 vec![
2434 Value::Double(real - rhs_real),
2435 Value::Double(imag - rhs_imag),
2436 ]
2437 .into(),
2438 Some(Rc::clone(id)),
2439 )
2440 }
2441 _ => panic!("value is not subtractable: {}", rhs_val.type_name()),
2442 }
2443 }
2444 _ => panic!("value is not subtractable"),
2445 }
2446}
2447
2448fn eval_binop_xorb(lhs_val: Value, rhs_val: Value) -> Value {
2449 match lhs_val {
2450 Value::BigInt(val) => {
2451 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_big_int();
2452 Value::BigInt(val ^ rhs)
2453 }
2454 Value::Int(val) => {
2455 let rhs = rhs_val.unwrap_int();
2456 Value::Int(val ^ rhs)
2457 }
2458 _ => panic!("value type does not support xorb"),
2459 }
2460}
2461
2462fn follow_field_path(mut value: Value, path: &[usize]) -> Option<Value> {
2463 for &index in path {
2464 let Value::Tuple(items, _) = value else {
2465 return None;
2466 };
2467 value = items[index].clone();
2468 }
2469 Some(value)
2470}
2471
2472fn update_field_path(record: &Value, path: &[usize], replace: &Value) -> Option<Value> {
2473 match (record, path) {
2474 (_, []) => Some(replace.clone()),
2475 (Value::Tuple(items, store_item_id), &[next_index, ..]) if next_index < items.len() => {
2476 let update = |(index, item)| {
2477 if index == next_index {
2478 update_field_path(item, &path[1..], replace)
2479 } else {
2480 Some(item.clone())
2481 }
2482 };
2483
2484 let items: Option<_> = items.iter().enumerate().map(update).collect();
2485 Some(Value::Tuple(items?, store_item_id.clone()))
2486 }
2487 _ => None,
2488 }
2489}
2490
2491fn is_updatable_in_place(env: &Env, expr: &Expr) -> (bool, bool) {
2492 match &expr.kind {
2493 ExprKind::Var(Res::Local(id), _) => match env.get(*id) {
2494 Some(var) => match &var.value {
2495 Value::Array(var) => (true, Rc::weak_count(var) + Rc::strong_count(var) == 1),
2496 _ => (false, false),
2497 },
2498 _ => (false, false),
2499 },
2500 _ => (false, false),
2501 }
2502}
2503
2504fn is_counting_call(name: &str) -> bool {
2505 matches!(
2506 name,
2507 "StartCountingOperation"
2508 | "StopCountingOperation"
2509 | "StartCountingFunction"
2510 | "StopCountingFunction"
2511 | "StartCountingQubits"
2512 | "StopCountingQubits"
2513 )
2514}
2515
2516fn make_counting_key(id: StoreItemId, functor: FunctorApp) -> CallableCountKey {
2517 (id, functor.adjoint, functor.controlled > 0)
2518}
2519
2520#[derive(Default)]
2521struct QubitCounter {
2522 seen: FxHashSet<usize>,
2523 count: i64,
2524}
2525
2526impl QubitCounter {
2527 fn allocated(&mut self, qubit: usize) {
2528 if self.seen.insert(qubit) {
2529 self.count += 1;
2530 }
2531 }
2532
2533 fn into_count(self) -> i64 {
2534 self.count
2535 }
2536}
2537